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Alexandrite (optical)

Matrix properties
Molecular weight 126,97
Mean dislocation density (cm–2) 103
Syngony rhombic
Spatial group Pnma
Unit sell parameters (Å) a = 5,47
b = 9,39
c = 4,42
Refraction indexes Ng = 1,753
Nm = 1,747
Np = 1,744
Moh’s hardness 8,5
Density (g/cm3) 3,79
Axial characteristics biaxial
Melting point (°C) 1870
Thermal conductivity (W/cm×К) 0,23
Characteristics of crystal
Cr3+ concentration (at.%) 0,03 – 0,5
Stimulated emission cross-section at 300 K (cm2) 3,0×10–19
Lifetime (s) 260×10–6
Absorption loss (cm–1) 0,001 – 0,003
Color green (for daylight)
red (for artificial
lightening)
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Diameter tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Length tolerance (mm) ± 0,5
End faces are unparallel 10″
Surface quality 10-5 scratch-dig
Flatness λ/10
Orientation tolerance < 5°
Rod’s orientation [001]
Diameter (mm) 4 – 10
Length (mm) 60 – 120
Having emerged in the field of laser manufacturing just recently, Alexandrite became the leader among other tunable solid–state materials straight away because of the unique advantages exhibited by alexandrite lasers.
Rods with round cross-sections are manufactured.

Beryllate Lanthanum

Matrix properties
Mean dislocation density (cm–2) 100
Molecular weight 375,82
Syngony monoclinic
Class of symmetry 2m-c2k6
Spatial group С2 / С1
Elementary cell parameters (Å) a = 7,5356
b = 7,3476
c = 7,4387
Density (g/cm3) 6,061
Microsolidity (kg/mm2):
// a 890
// b 890
// c 810
Melting point (°C) 1361
Axial characteristic biaxial
Refraction indeces Nx = 1,9641
Ny = 1,9974
Nz = 2,0348
Moh's hardness 6,5
Characteristics of crystal
Nd3+ concentration (at.%) 1 – 5
Wavelength of oscillation (μm) 1,07 – 1,08
Transition cross-section (cm2) 1,5×10–19
Absorption loss on λ = 1060 nm (cm–1) 0,004
Oscillation boundaries depending on
Nd3+ concentration and orientation (J)
(lasing thresholds as a function of
Nd3+ concentration and orientation (J))
3 – 12
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Diameter tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Length tolerance (mm) ± 0,5
End faces are unparallel 10″
Surface quality 10-5 scratch-dig
Flatness λ/10
Orientation tolerance < 5°
Diameter (mm) 4 – 12
Length (mm) 50 – 100
Single-crystals of La2Be2O5:Nd3+ are highly effective material for solid-state lasers oscillating at the wavelength of 1,07 – 1,08 mm. Energetic characteristics of a lanthanum-beryllate laser are twice greater as those of an yttrium-aluminium garnet (Y3Al5O12:Nd3+) laser and are not inferior to those of a GSGG (Gd3Se2Ga3O12:Cr3+,Nd3+) laser. It operates well in the mode of picosecond pulses at a pulse duration of 3 – 5 ps with an efficiency several times higher as that of YAG.
Rods with round cross-sections are manufactured.

Gadolinium Vanadate (with Neodim)

Matrix properties
Generation transitions 4F3/2(P)4I13/2
4F3/2(P)4I11/2
Generation wavelength (nm) 1062,9 – 1340
Absorption coefficient (cm–1):
E || C 74 at 808 nm
E. C 10 at 808 nm
Wavelength range for diode pumping (nm) 805 – 815
Lattice parameters (Å) a = 7,21
b = 7,21
c = 6,35
Density (g/cm3) 5,47
Thermal conductivity (W/m×K) 11,7 (011)
9,6 (100)
Characteristics of crystal
Nd3+ concentration (at.%) 0,1 – 4
Cross-section (mm) from 2×2 to 5×10
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Rod's length (mm) 0,5 – 20
Diameter tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Length tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Non-parallelism of end faces (s) 10″
Surface finish 10-5
Flatness λ/10
New Nd3+-doped gadolinium vanadate crystals GdVO4:Nd3+ allow to create effective diode-pumped lasers for applications in medicine and technique.
Sizes and dimensions of elements can be varied according to customer's demand.

Vanadate Yttrium

Matrix properties
Crystal structure tetragonal
Elementary cell parameters (Å) a = 7,12
b = 7,12
c = 6,29
Density (g/cm3) 4,22
Atomic density (atoms/cm2) 1,3×1020
Moh’s hardness 5
Thermal expansion (°C–1):
αa 4,43×10–6
αс 11,37×10–6
Thermal conductivity (W/m):
axis а 5,32
axis с 5,10
Characteristics of crystal
Nd3+ concentration (at.%) 0,1 – 4
Lasing wavelengths (nm) 914
1064
1342
Axial characteristics uniaxial
no = na = nb
ne = nc
Refractive indices:
at @ 1064 nm η0 = 1,9573, ηe = 2,1652
at @ 808 nm η0 = 1,9721, ηe = 2,1858
at @ 532 nm η0 = 2,0210, ηe = 2,2560
Sellmeier equation η20 = 3,77834 + 0,069736/(λ2
– 0,04724) – 0,0108133×λ2
η2e = 4,59905 + 0,110534/(λ2
– 0,04813) – 0,0122676×λ2
Thermal optic coefficient (°C–1):
a / dt 8,5×10–6
c / dt 3,0×10–6
Stimulated emission cross-section @ 1064 nm (cm2) 25,0×10–19
Luminescent lifetime (μm) 90 (50 for 2 at.% Nd3+)
Absorption coefficient for 1,1 at.% Nd3+
at @ 808 nm (cm–1)
31,4
Intrinsic loss @ 1064 nm (cm–1) 0,001
Gain bandwidth @ 1064 nm (nm) 0,96 (257 GHz)
Polarized laser emission p – polarization, parallel
to optical axis (axis c)
Diode Pumped Optical to Optical Efficiency > 60%
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Diameter (mm) 1,5 – 25
Length (mm) 0,5 – 30
Diameter tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Length tolerance (mm) ± 0,5
Non-parallelism of end faces (s) 10″
Surface finish Scratch-dig 10-5
Flatness λ/10
The yttrium vanadate (YVO4) falls under the category of birefringent crystals and meet all necessary demands to be very prospective material for fibre optical communication systems. It's ideal for optical polarizing components such as fibre optical isolators, beam displacers and circulators. YVO4:Nd3+ is one of the most effective and advanced for diode pumped lasers. Compared to YAG:Nd3+ and YLF:Nd3+, YVO4:Nd3+ diode pumped lasers have the following advantages: wide absorption bandwidth, low lazing threshold, high slope efficiency, large luminescent cross-section, linearly polarized emission and single-mode output. Compactly designed YVO4:Nd3+ lasers with green, red and blue light output are really perfect means for material processing, spectroscopy, medical diagnostics, laser printing and other applications.
We also grow YVO4:Er3+, YVO4:Er3+,Yb3+ crystals, emitting at @ 1,54 μm.
Configuration of rod's cross section Round and Square.
Sizes and dimensions of elements can be varied according to customer's demand.

Yttrium Orthovanadate (doped with Erbium and Ytterbium)

Matrix properties
Cross-section (mm) from 2×2 to 5×10
Characteristics of crystal
Er3+ concentration (at.%) 0,2 – 5
Yb3+ concentration (at.%) 0,5 – 5
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Length of the rod (mm) 0,5 – 20
Diameter tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Length tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Non-parallelism of end faces (s) 10
Surface finish 10-5
Flatness λ/10
YVO4 crystals separately doped with Er3+ and together with Er3+,Yb3+ radiate at 1,54 and 1,61 mm wavelength and are used in eye-safe lasers. In contradiction to glass doped with Er3+,Yb3+, YVO4 crystals can perform in cw regime with high pumping power and high efficiency. Their thermal conductivity is several times higher than thermal conductivity of glass that leads to improvement of generation characteristic of laser and lowers requirements to heat sink. YVO4:Yb3+ has absorption broad band at 0,98 mm and can generate at @ 1,02 mm with high efficiency in connection with low loss of transfer of pumping energy.
“Solix Co. Ltd.” grows the following crystals: YVO4:Er3+, YVO4:Yb3+, YVO4:Er3+,Yb3+.
Sizes and dimensions of elements can be varied according to customer's demand.

Yttrium Orthovanadate (monocrystal)

Matrix properties
Cross-section (mm) from 2×2 to 5×10
Length of undopted part (mm) from 1 to 5
Length of doped part (mm) from 1 to 10
Characteristics of crystal
Nd3+ concentration (at.%) 0,1 – 2
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Diameter tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Length tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Non-parallelism of end faces (s) 10
Surface finish 10-5
Flatness λ/10
Fundamentally recent growth monocrystals of YVO4/YVO4:Nd3+ totally differ from analogous bonded crystals by lack of junction. This ensured that our combined crystals are able to stand with considerably higher energy loads, without loss in quality. As is well known bonded crystals obtained by joining of undoped and Nd3+-doped crystals using thermal diffusion have got an optical loss on the welding border of two parts, but they lead to decreasing of laser efficiency and cracks can appear on the border at certain light load that contribute to destruction of optical rod.
Under testing our permanent laser beam research technology partners growth monocrystals have output generation characteristics 10 – 15 % higher than common combined crystals.
Sizes and dimensions of elements can be varied according to customer's demand.

Hexaaluminate Beryllium

Matrix properties
Density (g/cm3) 3,74
Moh's hardness 7,5
Thermal capacity (J/kg×К) 0,8
Themial conductivity (W/m×К) 12,5
Yong module (n/m2) 381×109
Puasson module 0,24
Characteristics of crystal
Cr3+ concentration (at.%) 0,05 – 0,3
Fluorescence range (μm) 0,7 – 1,1
Maximum of oscillation (μm) 0,83
Life time (μs) 13,5
Transition cross-section (cm2) 6,0×10–20
Lasing range (μm) 0,73 – 0,95

Titan–Sapphire

Matrix properties
Molecular weight 101,94
Birefringence 0,0082
Refractive indeces Nm = 1,767
Np = 1,759
Density (g/cm3) 3,98
Moh's hardness 9
Thermal conductivity (cal/°С×cm×s):
⟂ axis b 0,055
|| axis b 0,060
Specific heat (cal/g×°С) 0,0249
Thermal expansion (°С):
⟂ axis b Ø = 5,0×10–6
|| axis b Ø = 6,66×10–6
Melting point (°C) 2050
Syngony triangular
Axial characteristic uniaxial
Characteristics of crystal
Ti3+ concentration (at.%) 0,02 – 0,35
Tuning range (nm) 650 – 1100
Luminescence lifetime at room temperature (s) 3,7×10–5
FOM (а490/а800) as a function of Ti3+ concentration 60 – 300
Stimulated emission cross-section (cm2) 3,5×10–19
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Diameter tolerance (mm) ± 0,1
Lenght tolerance (mm) ± 0,5
End faces are unparalleled 30″
Surface quality 10-5 scratch-dig
Flatness λ/10
Orientation of rod to the optical axis 90°
Laser rod's diameter (mm) 4 – 30
Laser rod's length (mm) 5 – 50
Titanium — doped sapphire (Al2O3:Ti3+) crystals are active media for highly efficient tunable solid-state lasers. They demonstrate good operation in the pulsed-periodic, quasi-CW and CW modes of operation.
The crystals are grown using Czochralski and Ciropolous techniques.
Rods with round and rectangular cross-sections are manufactured.
End faces may have 90° or Brewster angle to the rod axis.

Forsterite

Matrix properties
Syngony rhombic
Unit sell parameters (Å) a = 4,77
b = 10,28
c = 6,00
Refraction indexes Ng = 1,670
Np = 1,635
Nm = 1,651
Density (g/cm3) 3,217
Moh’s hardness 7
Axial characteristics biaxial
Melting point (°C) 1895
Density of energy (J/cm2) 2
Absorption cross section (cm2) 1,88×10–18
Thermal expansion coefficient 9,5×10–6
Thermal conductivity (W/cm×К) 0,08 (300 K)
Relaxion time of laser ocsilation (ps) < 10×10–19
Spontaneous fluorescence (s) 2,7×10–6
Optical loss at λ = 1230 nm (cm–1) 0,007 – 0,06
Absorption coefficient at wavelength of 1064 nm (cm–1) 0,7 – 3,0
Tuning range (nm) 1140 – 1345
Lazing wavelength (center) (nm) 1235 (pulse mode)
1244 (CW mode)
Characteristics of crystal
Cr4+ concentration (at.%) 0,05 – 0,5
Gain cross-section (cm2) 1,45×10–19
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Laser rod diameter (mm) 4 – 10
Laser rod length (mm) 5 – 80
Surface roughness λ/10
Surface finish Scratch-dig 10 — 5
Perpendicularity < 5°
Parallelism 10″
Crystal dimensions
Length (mm) 100
Diameter (mm) 25
Cromium–activated Forsterite single crystals Mg2SiO4:Cr4+ turn to be excellent material for tunable lasers both for pulse and CW mode.

Spinel

Matrix properties
Syngony cubic
Spatial group Fd3m
Elementary cell parameters (nm) 0,8086
Modulus of elasticity (МПа) 2,3×105
Density (g/cm3) 3,58
Moh`s hardness 8 – 9
Melting point (°C) 2105
Characteristics of crystal
Refraction index 1,718 – 1,75
CoO concentration (mass.%) 0,05 – 0,3
Crystal dimensions
Length (mm) 60
Diameter (mm) 20
Spinel crystals are effective material for Q-switch lasers, performing at 1,3 and 1,54 μm.
They are grown using Czochralski technique what gives possibility to operate by technological process and to get high optical quality samples with uniform distribution of Co2+ along diameter and length of crystals.

Alexandrite (jewellery)

Matrix properties
Molecular weight 126,97
Mean dislocation density (cm–2) 103
Syngony rhombic
Spatial group Pnma
Unit sell parameters (Å) a = 5,47
b = 9,39
c = 4,42
Refraction indexes Ng = 1,753
Nm = 1,747
Np = 1,744
Moh’s hardness 8,5
Density (g/cm3) 3,79
Axial characteristics biaxial
Melting point (°C) 1870
Thermal conductivity (W/cm×К) 0,23
Characteristics of crystal
Cr3+ concentration (at.%) 0,03 – 1,0
Crystal dimensions
Diameter (mm) до 40
Length (mm) до 130
Alexandrite (BeАl2О4:Cr3+) is first-class precious stone, one of the hardest and longliving jewels (only diamond, sapphire and ruby stay before).
The most marvellous property of this gem is its ability to change color in accordance with source of lightening. Alexandrite becomes green like emerald in daylight, artificial lightening makes this magic stone purple-red. We possess the perfectly developed technology of Alexandrite obtaining.

Ruby

Matrix properties
Molecular weight 101,94
Syngony triangular
Axial characteristics monoaxial
Crystal lattice parameters (Å) a = 4,748
c = 12,957
Refraction indices Nm = 1,767
Np = 1,759
Birefringence 0,0082
Density (g/cm3) 3,98
Moh's hardness 9
Melting point (°C) 2050
Characteristics of crystal
Cr2O3 concentration (mass.%) 0,5 – 4,0
Color pigeon blood
Ruby crystals (Al2O3:Cr3+) are grown by Czochralsky technique. It allows to obtain high quality samples and to manipulate their color purposefully — from light-red to pigeon's blood color.
Laboratory research studies verified these crystals to be the complete analog of naturally occurring ruby.

Tanzanion

Matrix properties
Syngony rhombic
Elementary cell parameters (Å) a = 4,77
b = 10,28
c = 6,00
Refraction index Ng = 1,670
Np = 1,635
Nm = 1,651
Density (g/cm3) 3,217
Moh’s hardness 7
Axial characteristics biaxial
Melting point (°C) 1895
Energy density (J/cm2) 2
Absorption cross-section (cm2) 1,88×10–18
Thermal expansion 9,5×10–6
Thermal conductivity (W/cm×К) 0,08 (300 K)
Relaxation time of laser oscillation (s) < 10×10–19
Lifetime (s) 2,7×10–6
Optical losses at λ = 1230 nm (cm–1) 0,005 – 0,06
Absorption coefficient at wavelength 1064 nm (cm–1) 0,7 – 3,0
Tuning range (nm) 1140 – 1345
Maximal emission wavelength (nm) 1235 (pulsed)
1244 (continuous)
Characteristics of crystal
Co2+ concentration (at.%) 0,05 – 0,5
Luminescence cross-section (cm2) 1,45×10–19
Specification of laser rods
(sizes and processing)
Diameter of optical rod (mm) 4 – 10
Length of optical rod (mm) 5 – 80
Flatness λ/10
Surface finish III
Perpendicularity of end faces to axis < 5°
Non-parallelism of end faces 10″
Crystal dimensions
Length (mm) 100
Diameter (mm) 30
Co2+-doped Mg2SiO4:Со2+ tanzanione crystal is a synthetic imitation of nature tanzanite and effective material for laser optical elements.